The Commentary “Nowak’s CCPR Commentary. Commentary on the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” proceeds article by article, with paragraph numbers, in order to facilitate the quickest reference to specific problems. Thus, Arts. 1-53 of the CCPR and Arts. 1-14 of the first Optional Protocol relating to the individual communications procedure are analyzed as well as Arts. 1-11 of the Second Optional Protocol (which entered into force on 11 July 1991, 86 ratifications as at 1 January 2019 – abolition of the death penalty).

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